For most of us, the word “sniper” evokes some unsettling imagery – a lone gunman, undetectable, on the hunt. And while military snipers are indeed elite shooters who hide, line up a target in their sights and pull the trigger, there is a lot more to it than that.
When a sniper takes a shot, there are countless variables to consider before squeezing the trigger – wind speed, wind direction, range, target movement, mirage, light source, temperature, barometric pressure, and that’s just the beginning. The work that goes into getting a good position to take a shot is immense. That’s why snipers always work in pairs. Surprised? Most people are.
These highly skilled marksmen are often perceived as lone assassins racking up “confirmed kills.” In reality, true snipers work for the military and law enforcement agencies and are far more concerned with the number of lives they save than with the ones they take.
Because of the secretive and stealthy nature of the work, not too many people know what’s involved in being a sniper, so we went straight to the source: We interviewed a former U.S. Army Ranger sniper to get the inside information. In the next few sections, we’ll go over tools, tricks, and training of these mysterious and deadly warriors.
A sniper is a highly trained soldier who specializes in shooting targets with modified rifles from incredibly long distances. They’re also adept in stealth, camouflage, infiltration, and observation techniques.
Military snipers are used in a variety of missions on the battlefield, and the sniper’s primary purpose has nothing to do with pulling a trigger. The primary battlefield role of the sniper is reconnaissance. Because snipers are masters of stealth, they are ideally suited to sneak behind enemy lines to provide the command with information about the enemy’s size, strength, and location.
When the mission calls for it, snipers can also dismantle and dishearten the enemy with a few well-placed rifle shots. Instead of engaging the entire enemy force like traditional infantry, snipers concentrate their efforts on hunting key people – officers, pilots, armor drivers, technicians, and communications operators. With deadly shots that kill without warning, military snipers break both the enemy’s will and ability to fight.
When there is no specific objective, a sniper will look for targets of opportunity. By tracking enemy movements, snipers wait patiently for the unsuspecting soldiers to present the opportunity for a perfect shot. An officer was taking a break to smoke a cigarette, a pilot flight-checking his helicopter, an armed guard on patrol – these are all targets of opportunity.
“You want to take out what’s going to help your buddies the most.” This is what Army Ranger Sniper had to say in selecting targets of opportunity. He continues:
When you’re in the military, you have experience knowing how a commander acts. You know a private – a private Joe Nobody is generally going to be sitting behind a mound or sitting in a hole with his weapon. You can tell who’s who by looking – ‘Okay, this guy’s in charge, and that guy’s a nobody’ – just because of the way they act. That’s one of the reasons in the field you’re not supposed to salute officers. Say, in the field, you’re sitting there looking, and some guy walks by and salutes somebody and then, ‘BAM’ – you know he’s an officer. That’s one of those things you pick up on.
Snipers are also utilized in support roles. These support roles can be an over-watch position or a blocking action. When a sniper is in an over-watch position, he sets himself up in a concealed place that gives him a clear view of the battlefield. There he can support the assault force by taking out enemy forces that are endangering the advancing platoon. In a blocking action, snipers set up to help secure a position that is controlled by their platoon. They may set up on a roof and help ground forces defend their position.
Snipers don’t just shoot people. They are often ordered to destroy material targets. A sniper may shoot generators, radios, transmitters, or fuel and water supplies. Putting a .50 caliber round in the engine block of a helicopter or transport is just as useful as putting one in the man who drives them.
Snipers are what military strategists refer to as force multipliers. Simply put, a force multiplier is an individual or small team that, through the use of special tactics, can do the damage of a much larger force. What’s amazing about snipers is that they are capable of force multiplication without ever directly engaging the enemy.
Because of the nature of their missions, snipers travel with very little gear, patiently moving under cover of brush or night. But they never go alone. Snipers teams often have to stay completely still for hours or days at a time to avoid detection, waiting for the right moment to take the shot. In the next section, we’ll learn how sniper teams work together to achieve “the perfect shot.”
ARMY RANGER SNIPER
In the interest of privacy, the Army Ranger sniper we interviewed for this article asked not to be named; he will be referred to as Army Ranger Sniper for the duration of this interview.
Crew-served weapons are weapons that take more than one person to operate. Weapons like heavy machine guns or artillery pieces are examples of crew-served weapons. A sniper rifle is also considered a crew-served weapon. Though it only takes one person to fire a sniper rifle, it takes two soldiers to get the most out of the sniper-rifle weapon system. That’s why snipers always work in pairs.
A sniper team consists of a sniper and a spotter. The two-person team offers many advantages over the deployment of a lone sniper in the field. The spotter carries his unique scope that is much more powerful than the scope on a sniper rifle. The spotter uses his scope to help the sniper observe objectives and set up the shot. The two soldiers work together to get to the target safely and discreetly and then set up a position. Here’s the general process:
- The sniper team uses maps or photographs to determine the best route to the objective.
- They walk or “stalk” (more on this later) from the drop-off point to the objective.
- They set up a position.
- They verify that the position is well camouflaged.
- They establish an escape route and a second, well-camouflaged fallback position in the event they are separated.
- They locate the target (or know it’s on its way).
- They get into position. The sniper takes a spot on the ground that offers him the best field of fire. The spotter lies on the ground next to and slightly behind the sniper. He places his spotter scope so that it is as close to looking down the rifle barrel as possible.
- They work together to range the target, read the wind, and angle and adjust for other variables that may affect the shot.
- They wait for the target.
And in the words of Army Ranger Sniper, “Then you just take your shot and get the hell out of there.”
In the next section, we’ll look at the relationship a sniper has with his spotter.
Once the shot is taken, the spotter watches the shot to help the sniper readjust his aim or his position in the unlikely event that he misses his target. The way that the spotter watches the shot is fascinating. High velocity, long-range rounds like the kind used in a sniper rifle leave a vapor trail as they fly through the air. The spotter can track the shot by watching for that vapor trail. Army Ranger Sniper says, “It just looks like mixed up air. You can see through it, but you see the distortion.”
In observation missions, the two can take turns using the spotter scope to spy on the enemy. This helps to avoid eye fatigue and allows one team member to rest while the other watches. This is important since, in many cases, they can be out there observing for days at a time.
The most important job of the spotter is to protect the shooter and the team. For this task, the spotter shoulders an automatic assault rifle like an M-4 or M-16. Army Ranger Sniper explains why this added firepower is essential: “If you’re sitting there and you get attacked, a sniper rifle is not good for fighting your way out.”
The relationship between a sniper and his spotter is significant. First and foremost, the two depend on each other for survival. Sniper teams work in the no-man’s-land between or behind battle lines. They often have little or no support from their unit, and if they don’t accomplish their mission, the safety of the whole platoon may be compromised.
Being the spotter in a sniper team is a sort of sniper apprenticeship. The sniper is the team leader. He coordinates with the command to put together the mission. In the field, he has the final word in determining the route, position, rendezvous point, an escape path. A spotter learns in the area from his sniper and then eventually gets his team to lead.
In the next section, we’ll learn about the tools that sniper teams use to get the job done.
“One shot, one kill” is the sniper motto. Accomplishing this would not be possible without the specially modified rifles used by snipers in the field. A sniper rifle such as the M-21 or PSG-1 in the hands of a highly trained sniper can be a deadly weapon from more than a mile away. Army Ranger Sniper used an M-21: “It was a military M-14 with match-grade upgrades — hollowing out the wood, fiberglass-seated receiver, different trigger mechanisms, and optics.”
Match grade means the rifle has been fine-tuned by a professional gunsmith to ensure the highest possible accuracy and reliability. Match-grade rifles are also used for competitive shooting. A match-grade rifle coupled with handmade, match-grade ammunition ensures the consistency that is so important for a marksman.
Also, sniper rifles sport a free-floating barrel to ensure that the barrel touches the least amount of the weapon possible. This reduces vibration from the recoil. Also, sniper rifles are usually designed or modified to incorporate fiberglass or composite stocks to avoid the effect of humidity on the receiver. Any swelling of the wood can affect the accuracy of the shot.
Sniper rifles are generally bolt-action rifles. That means the sniper must load and chamber each round he fires. Once he has fired, he has to clear the shell casing and load another round. Though they are more challenging to operate and have a much slower rate of fire, bolt-action rifles are preferred because they have fewer moving parts than automatics.
There are semi-automatic sniper rifles, though, such as the M-21. Army Ranger Sniper had this to say about how the nature of the different rifles can affect a sniper in the field: “If you fire something on a bolt action, you have to reload one, and that movement could give you away. But also, the round flying out of the rifle could give you away on the semi-automatic.” In the end, it comes down to the personal preference of each sniper.
There are many different types of sniper rifles manufactured by countries all over the world. On average, they cost between $8,000 and $15,000.
(RIFLE INFO)
For one of the most comprehensive sources on sniper rifles, check out Sniper Rifles of the World.
After the rifle itself, the second major component of the sniper-rifle weapon system is the sniper scope. A sniper scope is a specialized telescope containing elements that lay a targeting reticule (crosshairs) over the amplified image.
When sighting a target through a scope, snipers are comparing point of aim to the end of the impact. Simply put, when firing a bullet from over 600 yards, where you are aiming is not going to be where the round lands. All sorts of variables work on that bullet during its long flight to the target. Ideally, snipers want the point of aim and point of impact to be the same. They line up these points with subtle adjustments to the scope once range, heat, and windage have been factored into the shot.
The Unertl sniper scopes used by the U.S. Marine Corps house the optics in steel tubes that are mounted to a bracket on the top of the rifle. They weigh 2 lbs, 3 ounces (~1 kg), and are 10 inches (~25 cm) long. They are fixed, 10-power scopes with a 32mm objective lens. This means that they are capable of magnifying an image to 10 times its size. The sniper uses the wire reticule with mil dots to range and sight the target. The mil dots surround the target center and allow the sniper to estimate the distance between objects and make adjustments for wind or moving targets.
These scopes sport ballistic drop compensators (BDC). The BDC looks like a small, round dial and helps the sniper adjust the range to compensate for battlefield variables as well as the natural behavior of these rounds in flight. With the BDC, snipers can make little changes to the extent without touching the range settings. A sniper can adjust for any range up to 1,000 yards, as well as make adjustments up, down, left, or right.
If you’ve ever seen a sniper on the news or in a film, then you have probably noticed that unsettling, half-man, half-shrubbery appearance. That is thanks to a ghillie suit. The point of the ghillie suit is to make a sniper disappear into his surroundings.
The word ghillie is an old Scottish term for a special kind of game warden. Ghillies were tasked with protecting the game on their Lord’s lands. From time to time, the ghillies would stalk the game by hiding in the grass and lying perfectly still. They would wait for unsuspecting deer to stroll by and then leap out and grab it with their bare hands. Ghillies would then haul their prize back to the keep so the Lord could shoot it in the castle courtyard in a “mock hunt.”
Ghillie suits are old military uniforms that snipers modify for their particular purpose. The belly of the outfit is reinforced with heavy canvas to help pad a sniper’s torso during hours or days of lying on his stomach. Camouflage netting is attached to the uniform. This netting is used to attach shredded burlap and other frayed materials. Ghillie suits are usually painted to match the environment of the battlefield. Local elements like twigs, vines, and branches can be incorporated into the netting to camouflage the ghillie suit further.
Nothing in nature has perfectly straight lines, so equipment like rifles and antennas often betray concealed positions. To counter this, snipers also make little ghillie suits for their rifles. Using the same principles of camouflage, snipers wrap their rifles in canvas and create short sleeves that make them blend into the environment.
Soldiers are trained to keep their eyes peeled for strange things in their surroundings that could represent a threat. The human form is one of the most recognizable shapes in nature. Snipers, spotters, and trained observers all look for color and contour when trying to spot an enemy in the brush or another terrain. Ghillie suits help the sniper to break up his outline, hide straight lines in his gear, and blend his overall color with the surroundings. “With a good ghillie suit,” Army Ranger Sniper explains, “you could hide in a yard, and people wouldn’t be able to see you.”
Every branch of the military uses snipers in some capacity. The SEALs, CCT, and Army Rangers all have sniper elements in their units. And although they all have their respective sniper schools, there is one school that stands out — the United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper School.
The USMC Scout Sniper School is widely regarded in the military as the most exceptional sniper training program. The Marines offer a tremendous program that trains eligible sniper candidates in all branches of the armed services. The few candidates who are chosen to attend the school typically represent some of the finest that branch of the service has to offer. Fewer still emerge “Scout Sniper Qualified.”
When selecting a candidate, commanders aren’t looking for “good shots” or “natural born killers.” There are a lot of soldiers that are skilled with a rifle and have the training and ability to take an enemy’s life if necessary. Being a sniper comes with a tremendous amount of responsibility. What command is looking for is a soldier that possesses ethical decision making and a level head.
“You don’t want a real hot head to be a sniper,” Army Ranger Sniper reports. “Snipers need to be able to work on their own. You have to be independent, you know, so when you’re not with your unit you need to be able to make sound decisions on your own without having to call up, ‘What should I do here?’ or ‘Should I shoot this guy or what?'”
The Marine Scout Sniper program is a two-month course. Students have the physical training and firing-range practice every day. Besides, there are “games” that teach the skills snipers need in the field. Classroom time is spent learning the principles of range estimating, windage, barometric pressure, and deployment and tactics. Over the two-month course, students drill on the three essential components of sniper training:
- Marksmanship
- Observation
- Stalking
According to Army Ranger Sniper, “It’s not like you can read a book and go do it. You have to do it over and over, and if you quit doing it for a while, you can lose your skills. It’s a perishable skill.”
The skill snipers are most known for is their marksmanship. The ability to hit targets as far as 1,000 yards away (10 football fields!) is not something that comes naturally. Snipers train to become expert marksman with a deeply ingrained understanding of the principles of ballistics.
MOA (minute of angle) is the unit of measurement that snipers use in school to measure accuracy. The higher the distance the sniper is shooting from, the lower the accuracy, as natural forces like wind resistance work on the bullet while it travels through the air. MOA measures the efficiency of the shot, taking the distance it was fired from into consideration. The basic formula is 1.047 inches at 100 yards, or, for practical purposes, 1 inch at 100 yards. For every 100 yards the bullet travels, you add 1 inch of inaccuracy.
The two most significant variables that affect a bullet’s flight are wind and gravity. When estimating the range of a target, snipers must consider how the wind will affect flight over that distance. Sniper teams can use indicators like smoke or blowing leaves to help them read the wind.
Despite the high power of a rifle shot, it is still affected by gravity. If you were to fire a sniper rifle level to the ground at the same moment that you drop a bullet from the barrel height, the fired bullet and the dropped bullet would hit the ground at the same time. As a round travels through the air, gravity is dragging it down. When sighting a shot, snipers must often compensate for this by “overshooting” the target.
Air temperature affects a bullet, as well. Cold air is denser than hot air and therefore creates more drag on a bullet. On the other hand, bullets can tear through hot air. But Army Ranger Sniper explains that because humidity often accompanies hot air, which will also affect the bullet, this is yet another variable to be considered. “And with winds and heat and humidity — if you look at all the factors, it’s amazing you can hit anything.”
Even in ideal shooting situations, targets may be at odd angles or moving. Snipers are taught at the range of how to deal with these problems.
Ultimately, the farther a sniper can be from his target and remain accurate, the more active he is, and the less likely he is to be discovered. Using a 7.62mm round, snipers can shoot nearly silently as long as they’re shooting from over 600 meters. A bullet leaves the rifle barrel faster than the speed of sound. The cracking sound a bullet makes is a small sonic boom. Even if a target doesn’t hear the rifle shot, he will listen to the bullet fly by.
But the drag created by wind resistance on a 7.62mm round as it travels through the air slows the bullet down to subsonic speeds at around 600 meters. So at ranges over 600 meters, the bullet no longer makes that distinct cracking sound. Army Ranger Sniper tells us, “If you’re shooting at a target 800 or 1,000 meters out, you could be shooting at that person all day long, and they don’t even know they are being shot at.”
Snipers spend plenty of time in school cracking the books and in the classroom learning the principles of ballistics, windage, air density, and many other variables that affect the flight of a bullet. But at the end of the day, it comes down to what snipers call “rounds down range.” A sniper’s most valuable classroom is the firing range. Snipers don’t have time in the field to think about theory. Hours at the range help snipers to apply these principles by “feel.”
(SNIPER FACT)
There is a plaque on the wall of the Marine Sniper School at Camp Pendleton that has a translation of a Chinese proverb that reads, “Kill one man, terrorize a thousand.”
Anywhere, any time, snipers are prepared to use their specialized skills to sneak into dangerous situations and disable an enemy force through a combination of close surveillance and deadly long-range fire. When we asked Army Ranger Sniper if there was one thing he wanted to get across to our readers about snipers, his response was, “Let people know that snipers aren’t assassins, you know, kids always think that. Snipers aren’t just assassins who sneak in, kill a general, and sneak out; that’s what all the movies always show. That may happen, but it’s infrequent.”
Write a Reply or Comment: